Are Patterns like Mummies?

In 1994, the Gang of Four, Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, John Vlissides published their groundbreaking book on design patterns. At almost the same time we were creating the first POSA book (Pattern-Oriented Software Architecture) which was eventually published in 1996. The software engineering community got flooded by the Pattern Wave. And soon there arrived an inflation of pattern books, some of them excellent, but many of them of mediocre quality.

I remember, that almost every software development magazine addressed patterns regularly and enthusiastically in the Nineties. The GoF became the Beatles of architects and developers. And most experts anticipated a myriad of new patterns rising at the horizon.

Actually, several pattern books have been published until now, but without the impact the GoF had. If you ask software engineers about the patterns they know, almost all will mention GoF patterns, many may illustrate some POSA patterns as well, and only a few will come up with other patterns such as those in Martin Fowlers book on Enterprise patterns.

This could suggest, that no other important patterns can be found in software habitats anymore, because GoF already got them all. But even if this were the case for general purpose design patterns, shouldn't there be some excellent patterns lurking in more specific domains? Pattern experts have tried to come up with complete pattern languages for their domains. In theory, such pattern languages are beneficial. In practice, it is impossible to cover a medium to large-sized domain with a pattern language because of the inherent complexity involved. Thus, it is not surprising that existing languages cover only tiny domains or fail to completely cover larger domains.

Does the whole universe only know the GoF patterns and that's it? In this case the seminal GoF book would be the holy grail of software development. If not, where do all the unknown patterns hide?

Let us assume we are asked to improve the GoF book, what exactly would we change. Patterns like the Null Object Pattern or the Extension Interface pattern (see POSA Vol. 2) could be added, the Singleton pattern removed and other patterns such as Abstract Factory improved. Patterns are not carved in stone but subject to future changes, albeit not with a high evolution speed.

If you look at patterns from 30000 feet, you'll recognize that there are some benefits of patterns not related to coding.

Pattern forms are a good mental tool to document design. For example, they comprise a name, a context, a problem with forces, and a solution. This helps document all kinds of architecture decisions in a structured way

Patterns are also applicable to document best practices for transformations, data representations, and many other topics. For example, each refactoring can be considered a transformation pattern. Best Practices are ideal candidates for patterns

Patterns introduce an idiomatic viewpoint, as they define a language. Effective usage of software platforms in terms of best practices for frameworks, libraries, APIs and protocols are idiomatic as well. Experience shows that idiomatic approaches help better understand structures and concepts. In software engineering all structures are idiomatic. Languages change and so do Patterns.

The value of patterns is not their content, but also their usage as good mental tools, with the capability of addressing all activities. Patterns help share best practices with others. They unfold a language of idioms that provide understandability, maintainability.

Patterns are dead. Long live patterns.




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Location:Auenstraße,Munich,Germany

Architecture-as-a-Service

Recently, I discussed architecture design with some colleagues who are involved in Product Line Engineering projects. When the term "Reference Architecture" came up, it became obvious after a while that they used the term specifically for Product Line Architecture, while I had Reference Architectures in mind, which are typically created to steer and guide standardization. They might also present architecture styles that are commonly accepted within a domain. Think of compilers which are in most cases structured as a Pipes & Filters architecture which is composed of a lexer, a parser, a semantic evaluator, an optimizer, and a code generator.

A Reference Architecture (RA), on the other hand, is a coarse grained architecture template different organizations use for guiding their design activities. You may remember the OSI 7 Layers model or the OMG Reference Architecture for CORBA, both invented in the Stone Age of software engineering. A RA is a blueprint which doesn't include any further assets but documents. In fact, it is not very specific but rather abstract.

A Product Line Architecture (PLA) is an architecture for the product line of an organization. It captures the commonalities of a set of similar products and defines variation points using feature models or meta models. It contains different core assets, some of which are ready for use. A PLA is much more specific than a RA and defines a framework with (partially) implemented artifacts and variation mechanisms.

An RA can be used as the core of a PLA. For this purpose, the RA is concretized in Domain Engineering by addressing requirements and constraints of an organization. In the process, engineers may provide additional variation points or bind existing variation points. In the latter case the PLA transforms a variation point to a commonality. If many organizations do this for the same variation point in similar ways, a new extended RA is born.

A PLA can become the base of a RA if it is subject to abstraction and considered as an established practice in the domain, i.e. if most PLAs will end up in the same RA.


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Location:Wotanstraße,Munich,Germany

I am back

After a long time absence due to health issues I am finally back. I will add new content in the following months with the publication frequency increasing over time.

At the OOP 2015 conference which ended last friday I was in charge of the architecture track. In my own talks I covered internal & external quality as welll as ways to ruin a project by (wrong) architecting. The latter tutorial introduces failure patterns for harming software development from the perspective of architects. Unfortunately, there are uncountable ways for failure, but only few for success.

A software system may be considered as a living organism. If the organism is not robust enough, even small illnesses may cause large damage. Architecture is basically the infrastructure necessary for metabolism, neural transmission or structural integrity (such as the bones). If parts are damaged, e.g., organs, we may either put in new or artificial organs, or maybe only repair a small part.
The software organism is created in an evolutionary process with biological patterns and is subject to design erosion during its whole lifecycle. Obviously, it is important to check the organism regularly to identify potential health problems as soon as possible. With Architecture Tomographs these checks can be fast and intense. In some cases design erosion or cancer dissemination is high enough to make the system impossible to repair. In these situations we may better create a new organism. However, for less harmful kinds of design erosion we may refactor using patterns. In this context, external quality is every property we can observe from outside such as speed, reliability, ... Internal qualities comprise heart rate, blood pressure, insuline level, bone strength, ....

Of course, the model has its limitations, but for me it turned out to be really useful.


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